Also known as sex change or gender reassignment surgery, sex reassignment surgery is a procedure that changes genital organs from one gender to another. In both cases, technical considerations favor successful conversion to a female rather than a male. Newborns with ambiguous organs will almost always be assigned to the female gender unless the penis is at least an inch long. Whatever their chromosomes, they are much more likely to be socially well adjusted as females, even if they cannot have children. Reliable statistics are extremely difficult to obtain. Many sexual reassignment procedures are conducted in private facilities that are not subject to reporting requirements. Sexual reassignment surgery is often conducted outside of the United States. The number of gender reassignment procedures conducted in the United States each year is estimated at between and The number worldwide is estimated to be two to five times larger. Converting male to female anatomy requires removal of the penis, reshaping genital tissue to appear more female, and constructing a vagina.


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Plastic surgeon Dr. Gary Alter, who has practices in both New York and Beverly Hills, explains on his website how he does the procedure. First, patients have to undergo electrolysis treatments to permanently remove their pubic hair so it doesn't grow inside the vagina. Then, they go under sedation and the surgery, which lasts three to seven hours , begins. Surgeons remove the testicles, then turn the head of the penis into the clitoris, since they actually develop from the same embryonic cells. Alter said he then inverts the penis skin to create the vagina, as you can see in the GIF below. The head of the penis, still attached to the nerves, is threaded through a newly made hole in the penis skin to make the clitoris:.
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Female-to-male surgery is a type of sex reassignment surgery, which is also called gender affirmation surgery or gender-affirming surgery. In this article, we describe female-to-male gender-affirming surgeries. We also discuss recovery and what to expect from a transgender penis.
Bradley Manning, the U. Army private who was sentenced Aug. Converting male anatomy to female anatomy requires removing the penis, reshaping genital tissue to appear more female and constructing a vagina. An incision is made into the scrotum, and the flap of skin is pulled back. The testes are removed. A shorter urethra is cut. The penis is removed, and the excess skin is used to create the labia and vagina.